![]() ![]() Patients should be aware that there may be cognitive changes after a musculoskeletal injury. Results from this study suggest acute pain from musculoskeletal injuries may disrupt executive function. These results suggest that immediate recall and complex attention may be diminished in individ-uals who experience acute pain due to a musculoskeletal injury. No significant difference was observed for the DS backward (p = 0.023), RAVLT A1 (p = 0.563), RAVLT sum A1 to A5 (p = 0.953), RAVLT A6 (p = 1.0), RAVLT recognition list A (p = 0.009). Participants had significantly improved scores when pain free in DS forwards (p < 0.007) and TMT-B (p < 0.007). Seven paired samples t-tests were conducted using an adjusted alpha level of 0.007. The DS was bro-ken into two separate scores, the RAVLT four scores, and TMT-B one score. The neuropsychological battery consisted of the following tests: Digit Span (DS), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and Trail Making Test B (TMT-B). Pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Follow up testing occurred within two weeks from the initial testing session when participants were pain free. Twenty-four recreationally active participants who presented with acute pain following a muscu-loskeletal injury underwent a neuropsychological battery within 72 hours of injury. The purpose of this study was to determine if acute pain affects executive function in recreationally active indi-viduals who sustained a musculoskeletal injury. Previous literature indicates that chronic pain can affect executive function, but there are limited studies that investigate the effect of acute pain on executive function. Further studies are required to examine the effects of age and output-modality on these tasks.Executive functions are high-level cognitive processes that allow a person to success-fully engage in an independent and self-fulfilling life. Discussion & Conclusions: The current results were consistent with those from Waters and Caplan (2003), reporting composite measure increased stabilities and reliabilities for the working memory measures and all of the working memory tasks loaded onto a single factor. A principal component analysis revealed that the one-factor solution accounted for 66% of the total variance for four different working memory pointing tasks. ![]() As short-term memory measures, digit and word forward pointing span measures were highly correlated (r=0.79). Concurrent validity results suggested that the pointing version of the digit span measures shared only 25~40% of the total variance with the standardized measure of the digit span-recall. However, test-retest reliabilities increased up to 0.86 when a composite measure was used with a combination of at least two different tasks. Results The test-retest reliability results revealed that the range of Pearson’s correlation coefficients was 0.43~0.77. Fifty-five normal individuals participated in the study and performed all of the tasks. An alphabet pointing span task and a subtract-2 pointing span measure were developed as working memory tasks. Methods Digit forward and backward pointing span measures were developed by adapting the most commonly used digit forward/backward recall tasks to pointing measures. The specific aim of the study was to examine psychometric properties such as test-retest reliability, concurrent and construct validity, and internal item consistency in newly developed pointing span measures. The current study developed pointing span measures that do not require verbal output and thus can be used to assess short-term and working memory capacities in special populations with verbal-output deficits. However, there are limitations to the employment of short-term and working memory tasks developed for assessing normal cognitive processing for the evaluation of speech and/or language-impaired clinical populations. ![]() The Reliability and Validity of Short-term and Working Memory Pointing Tasks Developed for Clinical Populations with Speech and Language DisordersĬopyright ©2011 The Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiologyīackground & Objectives Short-term and working memory capacity theories have gained considerable attention as underlying cognitive mechanisms, deficiencies in which may account for language processing difficulties in individuals with speech and language disorders. ![]()
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